PDRN Skincare: Does Salmon DNA PDRN Work in a Serum or Only as an Injection?
Start with our pillar guide: Best Peptides for Skin: Peptide Ingredients in Skincare Ranked by Evidence, or browse all Peptide Science articles.
Salmon DNA PDRN (polydeoxyribonucleotide) is a purified mix of DNA fragments, usually from salmon sperm. In PDRN skincare, the best human evidence is for injected PDRN in wound healing, led by a 216-person diabetic foot ulcer RCT (Squadrito et al., 2014). Topical PDRN serums have only small early studies and real delivery questions. Evidence: Limited.
Key takeaways
- In a 216-person double-blind RCT, injected PDRN fully healed 37.3% of diabetic foot ulcers vs 18.9% with placebo over 8 weeks (Squadrito et al., 2014).
- The main randomized trial of a topical PDRN cream enrolled 31 women for 28 days, compared PDRN with retinol rather than placebo, and had authors affiliated with biotechnology companies (Ye et al., 2026).
- PDRN's "high molecular weight and anionic charge" restrict skin penetration, according to a 2025 formulation study (Park et al., 2025).
- In a 27-person split-face RCT, polynucleotide (PN) injections did not beat hyaluronic acid on global aesthetic scores (Lee et al., 2022).
- A 2026 systematic review of 7 randomized trials found no serious treatment-related adverse events (Alhussain et al., 2026), but no study has tested PDRN in people with a fish allergy.
- Injectable PDRN is not FDA-approved for cosmetic use in the US (Dermatology Times, 2026).
PDRN is not a peptide, but it often sits on the same shelf as peptide serums and gets compared with them. For how those ingredients rank on human evidence, see our guide to peptide ingredients ranked by evidence.
| Feature | Injected PDRN/PN | Topical PDRN serum |
|---|---|---|
| Best human evidence | Randomized trials in wound healing, led by a 216-person diabetic foot ulcer RCT | One 31-person split-face trial vs retinol with no placebo, plus small peony PDRN data |
| Typical study size | 11 to 216 people per trial; a 2026 review pooled 183 people across 7 RCTs | About 10 to 31 people |
| Delivery | Injected into or around tissue, so it bypasses the skin barrier | Has to cross the outer skin layer; PDRN is large and negatively charged |
| Regulatory status in US | Not FDA-approved for cosmetic use (Dermatology Times) | Sold as a cosmetic, which needs no FDA approval before sale (Dermatology Times) |
| Side effects reported | Mild, short-lived swelling and redness; no serious treatment-related events in trials | Good tolerability over 28 days; no longer-term data |
| What you can expect | Best support is for wound healing; cosmetic results rest on small or uncontrolled studies | Unknown; other hydrating ingredients may explain much of what you notice |
Bottom line: Injected PDRN has the stronger evidence, mainly for wounds. Topical PDRN is plausible in the lab but unproven on your face.
| Injected PDRN for wounds and scars | 216 (largest RCT) | 8 weeks | Intramuscular plus perilesional injections | Moderate |
| Injected PN for cosmetic rejuvenation | 219 across 9 studies | Up to 6 months follow-up | Usually 3 injections, 2 to 4 weeks apart | Limited |
| Topical PDRN cream or serum | 31 | 28 days | 0.1% PDRN eye cream, twice daily | Early / preliminary |
| Non-salmon PDRN (plant, bacterial, microalga) | 10 in the peony irritation test; others lab only | 2 to 4 weeks (peony) | Concentration not in our source | Lab / animal only, mostly |
Injected PDRN for wounds and scars
Result: Moderate
A few randomized trials point the same way for diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers; scar results are mixed.
Injected PN for cosmetic rejuvenation
Result: Limited
A 2025 systematic review rated the 9 studies low to moderate quality.
Topical PDRN cream or serum
Result: Early / preliminary
One split-face trial against retinol, no placebo, authors affiliated with biotechnology companies.
Non-salmon PDRN (plant, bacterial, microalga)
Result: Lab / animal only, mostly
Peony PDRN has small human tests; Gynostemma and Lactobacillus PDRN are cell studies only.
Labels follow our evidence scale. Moderate means at least 2 independent controlled human trials pointing the same way.
What is salmon DNA PDRN?
Salmon DNA PDRN is a mixture of deoxyribonucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) purified and sterilized from the sperm DNA of salmon trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) or chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). Its molecular weight ranges from 50 to 1,500 kDa (Squadrito et al., 2017).
That 2017 review, by Squadrito and colleagues, who also led the largest wound trial below, describes PDRN as "a proprietary and registered drug" with tissue-repairing, anti-ischemic and anti-inflammatory activity. The proposed mechanism has 2 parts. PDRN engages the adenosine A2A receptor, a receptor on the cell surface. It also supplies nucleotides to the "salvage pathway," the route cells use to reuse existing DNA pieces instead of building them from scratch (Squadrito et al., 2017). A 2020 systematic review of 34 lab, animal and clinical articles described the same mechanism and called PDRN promising for wound regeneration and healing time (Colangelo et al., 2020).
The A2A link has been tested directly only in rodents, and not in skin. In rats with induced ulcerative colitis, intraperitoneal (into the abdominal cavity) PDRN at 8 mg/kg had an effect that the A2A-blocking drug DMPX "completely abolished" (Lee et al., 2025). In gerbils with cerebral ischemia, DMPX weakened PDRN's effect (Ko et al., 2021).
PDRN vs PN: why the names are confusing
PN (polynucleotides) is the same kind of DNA-derived material, usually in longer chains. A 2025 narrative review notes that both are typically described at 50–1,500 kDa, that recent studies report anything from 1 to 10,000 kDa, and that the terms are used interchangeably. The authors propose a "Marques Polynucleotide Cutoff": under 1,500 kDa is PDRN, and 1,500 kDa or more is PN (Marques et al., 2025). That is a proposal, not an agreed standard. The same review notes PDRN and PN are sold as gels, creams, serums, masks and injectables.
Evidence: Lab / animal only for the A2A mechanism.
What are the benefits of PDRN?
The best-documented PDRN benefit is faster wound healing when PDRN is injected, shown in randomized trials of diabetic foot ulcers and pressure ulcers. Evidence for scars is mixed, and none of this comes from a skincare product.
Diabetic foot ulcers. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 2 Italian centers enrolled 216 people with diabetes and Wagner grade 1–2 foot ulcers (110 PDRN, 106 placebo). Participants received intramuscular plus perilesional (around the wound) injections for 8 weeks, and 192 completed the study. Complete healing reached 37.3% with PDRN vs 18.9% with placebo (P=.0027), median time to healing was 30 vs 49 days, and the epithelialized area was 82.2% vs 49.3% (Squadrito et al., 2014). Industry funding is not stated in the abstract.
Show data table
| Group | Fully healed (%) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (n=106) | 18.9% |
| PDRN injections (n=110) | 37.3% |
Pressure ulcers. A small Korean RCT compared PDRN (11 people) with control (12 people), using intramuscular injections for 2 weeks and perilesional injections for 4 weeks. At 4 weeks, the PDRN group had smaller wound areas and lower PUSH (Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing) scores, with no adverse effects (Kim JY et al., 2014).
Surgical scars. In an RCT of 44 open-thyroidectomy patients, 2 PDRN injections on days 1–2 after surgery were compared with no treatment. At 3 months the overall modified Vancouver Scar Scale (mVSS) score was 1.62 vs 2.50, but that difference was not statistically significant (p=0.059). Vascularity, erythema index, scar height and subjective symptoms were significantly lower with PDRN (Kim BR et al., 2023).
Acne scars. An open-label randomized study of 17 people split them into 3 groups: air-delivered botulinum toxin, PDRN, or both, injected at weeks 0, 4 and 8. By week 16, POSAS (Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale) scores fell 6.1 points with PDRN alone, 9.0 with toxin and 12.0 with the combination (Park et al., 2025). PDRN alone did the least of the 3.
A 2026 systematic review of 7 randomized trials (183 participants: 4 rejuvenation, 1 scar, 2 wound) found the most consistent benefit in wound healing, limited by small samples, varied protocols and inconsistent outcome measures (Alhussain et al., 2026). A 2026 narrative review of PDRN after lasers, peels, microneedling and radiofrequency listed "a lack of RCTs (with human aesthetic cohorts), small sample sizes, variability in formulations, and a lack of long-term follow-up" (Flores Rodríguez et al., 2026).
Evidence: Moderate for injected PDRN in wound healing; Limited for scars.
Does PDRN work in skincare? What topical PDRN studies show
We don't know yet. Topical PDRN has one small randomized trial with no placebo, some lab and ex vivo data, and a molecule whose size and charge make it hard to get into skin.
The delivery problem. A 2025 formulation study states that PDRN's "topical use is limited by its high molecular weight and anionic charge, which restrict skin penetration" (Park et al., 2025). Another lists "high electronegativity, poor transdermal delivery, low transmembrane and susceptibility to degradation"; its spermidine nanoparticles raised permeability by 202.3% in vitro and 143.4% in vivo, but that is a lab and formulation result (Liu et al., 2025). A Dermatology Times article contrasts PDRN's 50–1,500 kDa size (50,000 to 1.5 million daltons) with the 500-dalton rule of thumb for passive skin absorption, calling passive delivery "implausible" without a delivery system (Dermatology Times, 2026). For how the same barrier limits peptides, see what penetration studies show about peptides.
The main human trial. A 2026 study tested a medium-length PDRN called "PDRN-850K." In the lab it activated fibroblast pathways, and confocal Raman imaging showed a PDRN-associated signal moving into the viable epidermis of a reconstructed skin model, backed by labeled porcine skin and a pilot human Raman test. In UV-damaged ex vivo human skin, it thickened the viable epidermis and increased collagens (Ye et al., 2026). Reaching the viable epidermis is not the same as reaching the dermis, where collagen is made.
The clinical part was a randomized, double-blind, split-face trial of 31 healthy Chinese women aged 35–55 with self-reported sensitive skin. Each applied a 0.1% PDRN-850K eye cream to one side and a 0.1% retinol eye cream to the other, twice daily for 28 days. The PDRN side showed "approximately two-fold greater improvements" in periocular wrinkles, dermal thickness, density and eye-bag measures, with good tolerability (Ye et al., 2026). There was no placebo arm, several authors list affiliations with 2 Shanghai biotechnology companies, and the paper reports "no specific funding."
Other topical data. Peony PDRN reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after 2 weeks in a 10-person irritation test using the detergent SLS, and eye-area elasticity improved after 4 weeks (Bak et al., 2025). A double-blind trial of a Porphyridium microalga extract, with placebo and a hyaluronic acid benchmark, found plumpness, hydration and radiance that "generally equaled or exceeded the HA benchmark," but the sample size isn't in the abstract and the extract's PDRN can't be credited alone (Havas et al., 2026). In rats, topical PDRN on alkali-burned corneas did no better than control over 2 weeks, though that is eye tissue, not skin (Song et al., 2023).
The Dermatology Times article notes that most brands don't disclose molecular weight, encapsulation or in vivo delivery data, and that serum benefits more plausibly come from humectants and barrier ingredients in the same formula. Its verdict was "honest uncertainty rather than confident dismissal" (Dermatology Times, 2026).
Evidence: Early / preliminary.
What do PDRN injections and Rejuran-type treatments involve?
Clinics inject PDRN or longer-chain PN directly into the skin, usually as a series of about 3 sessions a few weeks apart. See our Rejuran guide. For cosmetic rejuvenation the evidence is limited, and in the US injectable PDRN isn't FDA-approved for cosmetic use (Dermatology Times, 2026).
Controlled trial. A randomized, pair-matched, split-face trial of 27 people injected PN around one eye and non-crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) around the other, 3 times, 2 weeks apart. Visual analog scale (VAS) and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) improvements were not significantly different between the sides. PN had higher improvement rates for elasticity, hydration, roughness and pore volume, though elasticity and hydration declined over time in both groups, and dermal density didn't differ (Lee et al., 2022). A trade article describes this trial as showing superior GAIS; the abstract says otherwise, and we follow the abstract.
Uncontrolled study. In a single-arm study of 30 Asian adults (mean age 40.2), 3 intradermal injections of a PN product (a CE-marked Class III medical device in Europe) at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks improved skin surface, firmness, pigmentation and radiance, with no adverse events. At 6 months, 33% were rated "Much Improved" and 43% "Very Much Improved" (Lim et al., 2024). With no control group, these figures can't separate the injections from other influences.
Reviews. A 2025 systematic review of 9 low- and moderate-quality studies (219 patients) called PN injections promising for wrinkles, texture and elasticity, with mild, short-lived side effects, but found "limited consensus regarding their optimal use" (Lampridou et al., 2025). A 2026 review concluded that polynucleotides, PDRN and extracellular vesicles "show strong mechanistic plausibility but limited and heterogeneous clinical evidence" (Barbosa, 2026).
We excluded a retracted Rejuran vs HA trial that some sites still cite.
Evidence: Limited.
What about PDRN before and after photos?
There are no standardized before-and-after data for topical PDRN, so serum photos online can't be checked against any trial. Injection results come largely from uncontrolled studies, like the 30-person PN study above (Lim et al., 2024).
A recurring question in skincare communities is whether a PDRN serum can match the results people post after clinic treatments. Clinic results may also involve other procedures: a 2026 review covered PDRN used as an add-on after lasers, peels, microneedling and radiofrequency (Flores Rodríguez et al., 2026), so a dramatic result may reflect the procedure as much as the PDRN. If PDRN was paired with microneedling, see what to apply after microneedling.
When you judge any photo set, look for:
- Same lighting, angle and camera in both shots.
- An untreated comparison, such as the other side of the face or a control group.
- A stated timeline, ideally matching study lengths (28 days for topical, up to 6 months for injections).
- Disclosure of other treatments done in the same period.
Evidence: Early / preliminary.
What are salmon DNA PDRN side effects?
The trials and reviews in this article report no serious treatment-related adverse events, with follow-up of up to about 6 months. Injections caused mild swelling and redness, and no study has tested PDRN in people with a fish allergy.
In the 17-person acne scar study, side effects were minor swelling and redness (Park et al., 2025). The PN review described side effects as mild and transient (Lampridou et al., 2025), and the 7-trial review found no serious treatment-related adverse events (Alhussain et al., 2026). The topical eye cream was well tolerated over 28 days (Ye et al., 2026). Injections also carry the usual risks of any procedure.
Fish allergy. Squadrito and colleagues state that their purification "guarantees the absence of active protein and peptides that may cause immune reactions" (Squadrito et al., 2017). That is the authors' claim, not the result of an allergy study. If you have a fish allergy, ask a doctor, and patch test any new topical.
Evidence: Limited.
How do you use a PDRN serum?
No study tests how to layer a PDRN serum, so placement follows clinic convention: a thin, water-based serum after cleansing and before thicker creams. Most PDRN products fit the same slot as a hydrating serum.
- Order: cleanse, apply the PDRN serum, then moisturizer, then sunscreen in the morning. See our step-by-step skincare routine order.
- Barrier first: if your skin stings or flakes, Dermatology Times suggests the humectants and barrier ingredients in a PDRN serum may explain more of what you notice than the PDRN itself. See how hydration and the skin barrier work.
- Patch test a small area before using a new product on your face.
With retinol. No study has tested PDRN and retinol together. The 31-person trial put them on opposite sides of the face, not in one routine (Ye et al., 2026). For how retinoids compare with gentler anti-aging ingredients, see retinoids versus peptide serums.
Under-eyes and exosomes. Readers often ask whether PDRN suits the under-eye area and how it stacks up against exosome serums. The eye-area data are the 28-day PDRN eye cream trial and the 4-week peony result above. We found no study comparing PDRN with exosome products or with other eye creams head to head. If you are weighing in-clinic injections made from your own blood instead, see our PRP vs PRF under eyes guide.
Evidence: Early / preliminary for under-eye use; no data on layering.
Where the evidence stops
- No head-to-head trial of a PDRN serum vs PDRN injections.
- No placebo-controlled topical trial of salmon PDRN; the main trial used retinol as the comparator.
- No topical data beyond 28 days, and no standardized before-and-after photos.
- No study showing topical PDRN reaching the dermis of intact human facial skin.
- No study in people with fish allergy.
- No agreed definition separating PDRN from PN, and most brands don't disclose molecular weight.
FAQ
Is PDRN really salmon sperm?
Usually, yes. The PDRN used in most human trials is purified and sterilized from the sperm DNA of salmon trout or chum salmon, according to a 2017 review. Plant, bacterial and microalga versions also exist, but they have mostly lab data.
Does a PDRN serum work like Rejuran injections?
No study has compared a PDRN serum with injections head to head. Injections place PDRN or PN directly into the skin, while a serum has to cross the skin barrier, which PDRN's large size and negative charge make difficult. See our Rejuran guide for the injection side.
How long does PDRN take to show results?
Topical PDRN studies ran only 2 to 4 weeks, so there is no long-term timeline for serums. Injection studies used about 3 sessions spaced 2 to 4 weeks apart and followed people for up to 6 months.
Can I use PDRN with retinol?
No study has tested PDRN and retinol in the same routine, so there is no interaction data either way. The one randomized topical trial compared a PDRN eye cream with a retinol eye cream on opposite sides of the face rather than combining them.
Is PDRN safe with a fish allergy?
No study has tested PDRN in people with a fish allergy. The claim that purification removes proteins that could trigger immune reactions comes from PDRN researchers, not from allergy testing, so ask a doctor if you have a fish allergy and patch test any new topical.
Is there vegan PDRN?
Non-animal PDRN has been made from peony, the Gynostemma plant and Lactobacillus bacteria, and a red microalga extract also contains PDRNs. Most of this evidence comes from lab studies, with only small human tests for peony PDRN and a whole-extract trial for the microalga.
Is PDRN good for under-eyes?
Two small topical studies looked at the eye area: a 31-person, 28-day trial of a PDRN eye cream compared with retinol, and a peony PDRN study that measured eye-area elasticity at 4 weeks. The PDRN eye cream trial had no placebo group, so under-eye benefits are still early and unconfirmed.
What's the difference between PDRN and PN?
Both are DNA-derived mixtures, and the names are often used interchangeably. A 2025 review proposed calling fragments under 1,500 kDa PDRN and longer chains of 1,500 kDa or more PN, but this is a proposal, not an agreed standard.
References
- Squadrito F, et al. Pharmacological Activity and Clinical Use of PDRN. Front Pharmacol. 2017. Review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28491036/
- Marques C, et al. From Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) to Polynucleotides (PNs): Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Definitions, Molecular Insights, and Clinical Applications of Multifunctional Biomolecules. Biomolecules. 2025. Narrative review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39858543/
- Colangelo MT, et al. The effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide on wound healing and tissue regeneration: a systematic review of the literature. Regen Med. 2020. Systematic review, 34 articles. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32757710/
- Lee J, et al. Adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist polydeoxyribonucleotide ameliorates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 2025. Animal (rats), intraperitoneal 8 mg/kg. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40845959/
- Ko IG, et al. Adenosine A2A receptor agonist polydeoxyribonucleotide ameliorates short-term memory impairment by suppressing cerebral ischemia-induced inflammation via MAPK pathway. PLoS One. 2021. Animal (gerbils), intraperitoneal. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33735236/
- Squadrito F, et al. The effect of PDRN, an adenosine receptor A2A agonist, on the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: results of a clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014. Double-blind placebo-controlled RCT, n=216, 8 weeks; industry funding not stated in abstract. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24483158/
- Kim JY, et al. Effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide in the treatment of pressure ulcers. J Korean Med Sci. 2014. RCT, n=23, 4-week treatment period. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25473213/
- Kim BR, et al. Early Postoperative Injections of Polydeoxyribonucleotide Prevent Hypertrophic Scarring After Thyroidectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2023. RCT, n=44, 3 months. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35713247/
- Park MH, et al. Air-Botulinum Neurotoxin and Polydeoxyribonucleotide Injections for Acne Scar Treatment. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2025. Open-label randomized, n=17, 16 weeks. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40826297/
- Alhussain AM, et al. Polynucleotides and Polydeoxyribonucleotides for Skin Rejuvenation, Postoperative Scar Prevention, and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials. Cureus. 2026. Systematic review, 7 RCTs, 183 participants. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42572627/
- Flores Rodríguez JC, et al. Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) in Post-procedure Recovery in Aesthetic Medicine: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42299173/
- Lee YJ, et al. Comparison of the effects of polynucleotide and hyaluronic acid fillers on periocular rejuvenation: a randomized, double-blind, split-face trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022. Randomized split-face, active-controlled, n=27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32248707/
- Lim TS, et al. Polynucleotides HPT for Asian Skin Regeneration and Rejuvenation. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2024. Single-arm, uncontrolled, n=30, 6 months. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38371328/
- Lampridou S, et al. The Effectiveness of Polynucleotides in Esthetic Medicine: A Systematic Review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025. Systematic review, 9 studies, 219 patients. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39645667/
- Barbosa AP. Regeneration in Aesthetic Medicine: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Clinical Boundaries. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2026. Narrative review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41572953/
- Ye R, et al. Topical medium-length PDRN enhances dermal extracellular matrix repair in photodamaged skin via PI3K-Akt/TGF-β-regulated pathways. PLoS One. 2026. Lab + ex vivo + randomized double-blind split-face trial vs retinol, n=31, 28 days; authors include affiliations with 2 biotechnology companies; no specific funding. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42430369/
- Liu Y, et al. Polydeoxyribonucleotide-spermidine nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and verification of skin anti-aging efficacy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025. Lab/formulation study. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40840755/
- Park SJ, et al. Plasma-Engineered PDRN: Surface Charge Neutralization and Nanosizing Enhance Uptake and Regeneration Potential. Pharmaceutics. 2025. In vitro. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41012473/
- Song MS, et al. Comparison of Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing between Topical RCI001, Solcoseryl, and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in the Murine Ocular Alkali Burn Model. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2023. Animal (rats), 2 weeks. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37309557/
- Bak SU, et al. Anti-Aging Efficacy of Low-Molecular-Weight Polydeoxyribonucleotide Derived from Paeonia lactiflora. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. Lab + small topical tests (n=10 irritation test), 2 to 4 weeks. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41516097/
- Havas F, et al. Hyaluronic Acid-like Skin Plumping and Radiance Benefits of a Porphyridium Sulfated Exopolysaccharide- and Natural PDRN-Rich Extract. Mar Drugs. 2026. Double-blind trial with placebo and HA benchmark; n not in abstract. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41892958/
- Chae D, et al. First Report on Microbial-Derived Polydeoxyribonucleotide: A Sustainable and Enhanced Alternative to Salmon-Based Polydeoxyribonucleotide. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2025. In vitro. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39852156/
- Kim E, et al. Effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide derived from Gynostemma pentaphyllum callus on skin barrier function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025. In vitro (keratinocytes). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40527178/
- Bosslett M. Social Media Mythbusters: PDRN Serums. Dermatology Times. 2026. Trade publication; expert opinion (Danny Guo, MD; Michael Park, MD). https://www.dermatologytimes.com/view/social-media-mythbusters-pdrn-serums
Disclosure: This article is for general information only. It is not medical advice. Peptide Skincare has no affiliate links in this article and received no payment from any manufacturer mentioned. PDRN injections are a medical procedure; ask a licensed clinician about them, and patch test new topicals, especially if you have a fish allergy.